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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #e0e0e0;">Linux From Scratch</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gerard Beekmans et al.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">December 1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1999-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12.3<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-40424284b910831dd7f4b1268bde8c4b760fd767-v20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-40424284b910831dd7f4b1268bde8c4b760fd767-v20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  / 5 March 2025<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">5 March 2025</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data">Source-based</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None (source-based)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br>user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Creative_Commons_licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons licenses">Creative Commons licenses</a> Mainly CC BY-NC-SA <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org">www<wbr>.linuxfromscratch<wbr>.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><i><b>Linux From Scratch</b></i> (<b>LFS</b>) is a type of a <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> installation and the name of a book written by <a href="Gerard_Beekmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Beekmans">Gerard Beekmans</a>, and as of May 2021, mainly maintained by Bruce Dubbs. The book gives readers instructions on how to build a Linux system from <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source</a>. The book is available freely from the Linux From Scratch site.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects_under_LFS">Projects under LFS</h2></div>

<p><i>Linux From Scratch</i> is a way to install a working Linux system by building all components of it manually. This is, naturally, a longer process than installing a pre-compiled <a href="Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a>. According to the <i>Linux From Scratch</i> site, the advantages to this method are a compact, flexible and secure system and a greater understanding of the internal workings of the Linux-based operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To keep LFS small and focused, the book <i>Beyond Linux From Scratch</i> (BLFS) was created, which presents instructions on how to further develop the basic Linux system that was created in LFS. It introduces and guides the reader through additions to the system including the <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>, <a href="Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environments</a> (<a href="KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a>, <a href="GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>, <a href="Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a>, <a href="LXDE" title="LXDE">LXDE</a>), <a href="Productivity_software" title="Productivity software">productivity software</a>, <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>, <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> and tools, <a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> software, and <a href="Network_management" title="Network management">network management</a> and <a href="System_administrator" title="System administrator">system administration</a> tools. Since Release 5.0, the BLFS book version matches the LFS book version.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The book <i>Cross Linux From Scratch</i> (CLFS) focuses on <a href="Cross_compiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross compiling">cross compiling</a>, including compiling for <a href="Headless_computer" title="Headless computer">headless</a> or <a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> systems that can <i>run</i> Linux, but lack the resources needed to <i>compile</i> Linux. CLFS supports a broad range of <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">processors</a> and addresses advanced techniques not included in the LFS book such as cross-build <a href="Toolchain" title="Toolchain">toolchains</a>, multilibrary support (32 & 64-bit <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> side-by-side), and alternative <a href="Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architectures</a> such as <a href="Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a>, <a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, <a href="MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, and <a href="DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a>.

</p><p>The Linux from Scratch project, like <a href="BitBake" title="BitBake">BitBake</a>, also supports cross-compiling Linux for <a href="ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> embedded systems such as the <a href="Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> and <a href="BeagleBone" class="mw-redirect" title="BeagleBone">BeagleBone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180211010358/https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hlfs/download.html"><i>Hardened Linux From Scratch</i> (HLFS)</a> focuses on security enhancements such as <a href="Hardening_(computing)" title="Hardening (computing)">hardened</a> kernel patches, mandatory <a href="Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">access control</a> policies, <a href="Stack-smashing_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Stack-smashing protection">stack-smashing protection</a>, and <a href="Address_space_layout_randomization" title="Address space layout randomization">address space layout randomization</a>. Besides its main purpose of creating a <a href="Security-focused_operating_system" title="Security-focused operating system">security-focused operating system</a>, HLFS had the secondary goal of being a security teaching tool. It has not been updated since 2011. As of 17 February 2025, the HLFS book has disappeared from the LFS web site.

</p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/alfs/"><i>Automated Linux From Scratch</i> (ALFS)</a> is a project designed to automate the process of creating an LFS system. It is aimed at users who have gone through the LFS and BLFS books several times and wish to reduce the amount of work involved. A secondary goal is to act as a test of the LFS and BLFS books by directly extracting and running instructions from the XML sources of the LFS and BLFS books.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements_and_procedure">Requirements and procedure</h2></div>

<p>A clean <a href="Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">partition</a> and a working Linux system with a compiler and some essential <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">software libraries</a> are required to build LFS. Instead of installing from an existing Linux system, one can also use a Live CD to build an LFS system.

</p><p>The project formerly maintained the Linux From Scratch Live CD.<sup id="cite_ref-linuxfromscratch.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxfromscratch.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LFS Live CD contains all the source packages (in the full version of the Live CD only), the LFS book, automated building tools and (except for the minimal Live CD version) an <a href="Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a> GUI environment to work in. The official LFS Live CD is no longer maintained, and cannot be used to build the LFS version7 or later.<sup id="cite_ref-linuxfromscratch.org_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxfromscratch.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, however, two unofficial builds that can be used to build a 32-bit or 64-bit kernel and userspace respectively for LFS 7.x.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>First, a <a href="Toolchain" title="Toolchain">toolchain</a> must be compiled consisting of the tools used to compile LFS, like <a href="GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a>, <a href="Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a>, <a href="Binutils" class="mw-redirect" title="Binutils">binutils</a>, and other necessary utilities. Then, the <a href="Root_directory" title="Root directory">root directory</a> must be changed, (using <a href="Chroot" title="Chroot">chroot</a>), to the toolchain's <a href="Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">partition</a> to start building the final system. One of the first packages to compile is glibc; after that, the toolchain's <a href="Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">linker</a> must be adjusted to <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">link</a> against the newly built glibc, so that all other packages that will make up the finished system can be linked against it as well. During the <a href="Chroot" title="Chroot">chroot</a> phase, <a href="Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a>'s hashing feature is turned off and the temporary toolchain's bin directory moved to the end of PATH. This way the newly compiled programs come first in PATH and the new system builds on its own new components.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_packages_in_LFS">List of packages in LFS</h2></div>

<th>Component

</th>

<th>Description

</th>

<th>License

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>An access control list (ACL), with respect to a computer file system, is a list of permissions attached to an object.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Attr

</td>

<td>Commands for Manipulating Filesystem Extended Attributes.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Autoconf" title="Autoconf">Autoconf</a>

</td>

<td>Tool for producing <a href="Configure_script_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Configure script (computing)">configure scripts</a> for <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, Fortran 77, <a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> software on <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> computer systems.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Automake" title="Automake">Automake</a>

</td>

<td>A <a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">programming tool</a> that produces portable <a href="Makefile" class="mw-redirect" title="Makefile">makefiles</a> for use by the <a href="Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make</a> program, used in compiling software.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>A <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> <a href="Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a> written for the <a href="GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><code>bc</code> is a basic calculator (often referred to as bench calculator), is "an arbitrary precision calculator language" with syntax similar to the <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a>.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Binutils" class="mw-redirect" title="Binutils">Binutils</a>

</td>

<td>A collection of <a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">programming tools</a> for the manipulation of <a href="Object_code" title="Object code">object code</a> in various object file formats.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="GNU_Bison" title="GNU Bison">Bison</a>

</td>

<td>A <a href="Parser_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Parser generator">parser generator</a> that is part of the <a href="GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>. Bison converts a <a href="Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">grammar</a> description for a <a href="Context-free_grammar" title="Context-free grammar">context-free grammar</a> into source code for a <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> or <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> parser.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>A <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> and <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> <a href="Lossless_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">lossless data compression</a> <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> and program developed by <a href="Julian_Seward" title="Julian Seward">Julian Seward</a>.

</td>

<td><a href="BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD-like License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Check

</td>

<td>A unit testing framework for <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Coreutils" class="mw-redirect" title="Coreutils">Coreutils</a>

</td>

<td>A <a href="Software_package_(installation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Software package (installation)">package</a> of <a href="GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> containing many of the basic tools, such as <a href="Cat_(Unix)" title="Cat (Unix)">cat</a>, <a href="Ls" title="Ls">ls</a>, and <a href="Rm_(Unix)" title="Rm (Unix)">rm</a>, needed for <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="DejaGnu" title="DejaGnu">DejaGNU</a>

</td>

<td>A framework for testing other programs. It has a main script called runtest that goes through a directory looking at configuration files and then runs some tests with given criteria.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Diff_utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Diff utility">Diffutils</a>

</td>

<td>A <a href="Data_comparison" class="mw-redirect" title="Data comparison">data comparison</a> utility that outputs the differences between two files.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="E2fsprogs" title="E2fsprogs">E2fsprogs</a>

</td>

<td>e2fsprogs (sometimes called the e2fs programs) is a set of utilities for maintaining the <a href="Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a>, <a href="Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a> and <a href="Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a> <a href="File_system" title="File system">file systems</a>.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="GNU_Binutils#elfutils" title="GNU Binutils">Elfutils</a>

</td>

<td>A collection of utilities and libraries to read, create and modify ELF binary files.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Systemd#Forks_and_alternative_implementations" title="Systemd">Eudev</a>

</td>

<td>A fork of <a href="Udev" title="Udev">udev</a> in order to avoid dependency on the systemd architecture. The resulting fork is called eudev and it makes udev functionality available without <a href="Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Expat_(library)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expat (library)">Expat</a>

</td>

<td>A <a href="Stream_(computing)" title="Stream (computing)">stream</a>-oriented <a href="XML" title="XML">XML 1.0</a> parser <a href="Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">library</a>, written in <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>.

</td>

<td><a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Expect" title="Expect">Expect</a>

</td>

<td>Expect is a <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> automation and testing tool as an extension to the <a href="Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a> scripting language, for interactive <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> such as <a href="Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a>, <a href="Ftp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ftp">ftp</a>, <a href="Passwd_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passwd (command)">passwd</a>, <a href="Fsck" title="Fsck">fsck</a>, <a href="Rlogin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rlogin">rlogin</a>, <a href="Tip_(unix_utility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tip (unix utility)">tip</a>, <a href="Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">ssh</a>, and others.

</td>

<td><a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>file command is a standard Unix program for recognizing the type of data contained in a computer file.

</td>

<td><a href="BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD-like License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Find_(Unix)" title="Find (Unix)">Findutils</a>

</td>

<td>The <a href="Find_(Unix)" title="Find (Unix)">GNU Find</a> Utilities are the basic directory searching utilities of the GNU operating system.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>flex (fast <a href="Lexical_analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical analyzer">lexical analyzer</a> generator) is a <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> alternative to <a href="Lex_programming_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex programming tool">lex</a>.

</td>

<td><a href="BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Gawk is a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> that is designed for processing text-based data, either in files or data streams

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> system produced by the <a href="GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a> supporting various <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>GDBM simple <a href="Database_engine" title="Database engine">database engines</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Gettext" title="Gettext">Gettext</a>

</td>

<td>Gettext is the <a href="GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">internationalization and localization</a> (i18n) library.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Glibc" title="Glibc">Glibc</a>

</td>

<td>The GNU <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> Library, commonly known as glibc, is the <a href="C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> released by the <a href="GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>The GNU Multiple-Precision Library, also known as GMP, is a <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> library for <a href="Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">arbitrary-precision arithmetic</a>, operating on signed <a href="Integer" title="Integer">integers</a>, <a href="Rational_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational numbers">rational numbers</a>, and <a href="Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">floating point</a> numbers.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Gperf

</td>

<td>A perfect hash function generator. For a given list of strings, it produces a hash function and hash table, in form of <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> or <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> code, for looking up a value depending on the input string. The hash function is perfect, which means that the hash table has no collisions, and the hash table lookup needs a single string comparison only.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><code>grep</code> is a <a href="Command_line_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interface">command line</a> text search utility originally written for <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Groff_(software)" title="Groff (software)">Groff</a>

</td>

<td>Groff is the <a href="GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> replacement for the <a href="Troff" title="Troff">troff</a> and <a href="Nroff" title="Nroff">nroff</a> <a href="Text_formatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Text formatter">text formatters</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>GNU GRUB (short for GNU GRand Unified Bootloader) is a <a href="Boot_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot loader">boot loader</a> package from the <a href="GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Gzip is a <a href="Software_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Software application">software application</a> used for <a href="File_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="File compression">file compression</a>. gzip is short for GNU zip

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>iana-etc.

</td>

<td>iana-etc. installs services and protocols using data from the <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a>. Included are snapshots of the data from the IANA, scripts to transform that data into the needed formats, and scripts to fetch the latest data.

</td>

<td><a href="Open_Software_License" title="Open Software License">Open Software License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Inetutils" class="mw-redirect" title="Inetutils">Inetutils</a>

</td>

<td>A collection of network tools, including: <a href="Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a>, <a href="Ftp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ftp">ftp</a>, and <a href="Remote_Shell" title="Remote Shell">rsh</a>.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Intltool

</td>

<td>A set of tools to centralize translation of many different file formats using GNU gettext-compatible PO files.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Iproute2" title="Iproute2">IPRoute2</a>

</td>

<td>A collection of <a href="Userspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Userspace">userspace</a> utilities for controlling and monitoring various aspects of <a href="Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">networking</a> in the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, including <a href="Routing" title="Routing">routing</a>, network interfaces, tunnels, <a href="Network_traffic_control" title="Network traffic control">traffic control</a>, and network-related <a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kbd

</td>

<td>A package contains tools for managing the Linux console (Linux console, virtual terminals on it, keyboard, etc.). Mainly, what they do is loading console fonts and keyboard maps. Also this package contains a set of various fonts and keyboard maps.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>A multi-call binary which implements the programs used to control Linux Kernel modules.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><code>less</code> is a <a href="Terminal_pager" title="Terminal pager">terminal pager</a> <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a> on <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> and <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems used to view (but not change) the contents of a <a href="Text_file" title="Text file">text file</a> one screen at a time.

</td>

<td>Dual: either <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> or <a href="BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD-like License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>LFS-Bootscripts

</td>

<td>The LFS-Bootscripts package contains a set of scripts to start/stop the LFS system at bootup/shutdown. The configuration files and procedures needed to customize the boot process are described in the following sections.

</td>

<td><a href="Creative_Commons_licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons licenses">Creative Commons licenses</a> and <a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Libcap

</td>

<td>An alternative to the superuser model of privilege under Linux.

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Libffi" title="Libffi">Libffi</a>

</td>

<td>A Portable Foreign Function Interface Library.

</td>

<td><a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Libpipeline

</td>

<td>Libpipeline is a C library for manipulating pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Libtool" class="mw-redirect" title="Libtool">Libtool</a>

</td>

<td>GNU Libtool is a <a href="GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">programming tool</a> from the <a href="GNU_build_system" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU build system">GNU build system</a> used for creating portable compiled <a href="Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">libraries</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux</a>

</td>

<td>The Linux kernel is an operating system <a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> used by the <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> family of <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>GNU m4 is the <a href="GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> version of the <a href="M4_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="M4 (language)">m4</a> macro preprocessor.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Make is a <a href="Utility_software" title="Utility software">utility</a> for <a href="Build_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Build Automation">automatically building</a> executable programs and libraries from <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Man-DB

</td>

<td>Man-DB is an implementation of the standard Unix documentation system accessed using the man command. It uses a Berkeley DB database in place of the traditional flat-text whatis databases.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Man_pages" class="mw-redirect" title="Man pages">Man-pages</a>

</td>

<td>A man page (short for manual page) is a form of online software documentation usually found on a <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> or <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating system.

</td>

<td>Multiple Licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Meson_(software)" title="Meson (software)">Meson</a>

</td>

<td>an open source build system meant to be both extremely fast, and, even more importantly, as user friendly as possible.

</td>

<td><a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>MPC

</td>

<td>A C library for the arithmetic of complex numbers with <a href="Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">arbitrarily high precision</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>GNU C library for multiple-precision floating-point computations with correct rounding.

</td>

<td><a href="GNU_LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU LGPL">GNU LGPL</a> and <a href="GNU_GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU GPL">GNU GPL</a> for special exception part of the source code

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ncurses" title="Ncurses">ncurses</a>

</td>

<td>A programming library for writing text user interfaces in a terminal-independent manner

</td>

<td><a href="X11_License" class="mw-redirect" title="X11 License">X11 License</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ninja_(build_system)" title="Ninja (build system)">Ninja</a>

</td>

<td>A small build system with a focus on speed.

</td>

<td><a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a>

</td>

<td>A software <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> for applications that provide secure communications over <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> against eavesdropping, and identify the party at the other end. It is widely used by <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, including the majority of <a href="HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> <a href="Website" title="Website">websites</a>.

</td>

<td><a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> 1.0 and four-clause <a href="BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Patch_(Unix)" title="Patch (Unix)">Patch</a>

</td>

<td>A computer tool for <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">programs</a> that updates text files according to instructions contained in a separate file, called a <i>patch file</i>.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>A dynamic interpreted programming language

</td>

<td><a href="Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic License</a> 1.0<sup id="cite_ref-artistic-1.0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artistic-1.0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-artistic-1.0-git_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artistic-1.0-git-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="GNU_GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU GPL">GNU GPL</a><sup id="cite_ref-licensing_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-licensing-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pkg-config" title="Pkg-config">Pkg-config</a>

</td>

<td>A computer program that provides a unified interface for querying installed <a href="Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">libraries</a> for the purpose of <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiling</a> software from its <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Procps

</td>

<td>A set of command line and full-screen utilities that provide information out of the pseudo-filesystem most commonly located at <a href="Procfs" title="Procfs">/proc</a>. This filesystem provides a simple interface to the kernel data structures. The programs of procps generally concentrate on the structures that describe the processes running on the system.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Psmisc

</td>

<td>A set of some small useful utilities that use the <a href="Procfs" title="Procfs">proc</a> filesystem.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>

</td>

<td>An open source interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Python Documentation

</td>

<td>Package contains the Python development environment.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Readline" class="mw-redirect" title="Readline">Readline</a>

</td>

<td>GNU readline is a <a href="Software_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Software library">software library</a> created and maintained by the <a href="GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><code>sed</code> (<i>stream editor</i>) is a <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> utility that (a) parses text files and (b) implements a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> which can apply textual transformations to such files.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Shadow_password" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow password">Shadow</a>

</td>

<td>A tool on most <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems used to change a user's <a href="Password" title="Password">password</a>. The password entered by the user is run through a <a href="Key_derivation_function" title="Key derivation function">key derivation function</a> to create a <a href="Hash_function" title="Hash function">hashed version</a> of the new password, which is saved. Only the hashed version is stored; the entered password is not saved for security reasons.

</td>

<td><a href="Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic License</a> or <a href="BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD-like License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sysklogd

</td>

<td>A Kernel and system logging <a href="Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">daemons</a> that provides two system utilities which provide support for system logging and kernel message trapping. Support of both internet and unix domain sockets enables this utility package to support both local and remote logging.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sysvinit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sysvinit">Sysvinit</a>

</td>

<td>System V style init programs that control the booting and shutdown system.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><code>tar</code> is a program that provides the ability to create tar archives, as well as various other kinds of manipulation.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><i>Tool Command Language</i> is a dynamic <a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a>.

</td>

<td><a href="BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD-like License</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tool_Command_Language_License_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tool_Command_Language_License-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Texinfo" title="Texinfo">Texinfo</a>

</td>

<td>A typesetting syntax used for generating documentation in both on-line also printed form and the official documentation format of the GNU project.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tz_database" title="Tz database">tzdata</a>

</td>

<td>The public-domain time zone database contains code and data that represent the history of local time for many representative locations around the globe.

</td>

<td><a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a> and <a href="BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Udev" title="Udev">Udev</a> Configuration Tarball

</td>

<td>The Udev package contains programs for dynamic creation of device nodes. The development of udev has been merged with systemd, but most of systemd is incompatible with LFS. Here we build and install just the needed udev files.

</td>

<td><a href="Creative_Commons_licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons licenses">Creative Commons licenses</a> and <a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Util-linux" title="Util-linux">util-linux</a>

</td>

<td>The Util-linux package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems, consoles, partitions, and messages.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a> <a href="Language" title="Language">language</a> files (recommended)

</td>

<td>A text editor built to create and change any kind of text.

</td>

<td><a href="Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Free software</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/uganda.html#license">Vim License</a>), <a href="Charityware" class="mw-redirect" title="Charityware">charityware</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Wheel

</td>

<td>This library is the reference implementation of the Python wheel packaging standard, as defined in PEP 427.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>XML::Parser

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="XZ_Utils" title="XZ Utils">XZ Utils</a>

</td>

<td>A general-purpose data compression software with a high compression ratio. XZ Utils were written for POSIX-like systems, but also work on some not-so-POSIX systems. XZ Utils are the successor to LZMA Utils.

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Zlib is a <a href="Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">software library</a> used for <a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a>.

</td>

<td><a href="Zlib_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Zlib license">zlib license</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>zstd a fast lossless compression algorithm and data compression tool. Compress or decompress .zst files.

</td>

<td>BSD + GPLv2 dual license.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

This is a list of the packages included in CLFS version 1.1.0. Unless otherwise noted, this list is applicable to all supported architectures.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Autoconf" title="Autoconf">Autoconf</a> 2.61</li>

<li><a href="Automake" title="Automake">Automake</a> 1.10.1</li>

<li><a href="Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a> Documentation 3.2</li>

<li>Bin86 (x86_64 non-multilib only)</li>

<li><a href="Binutils" class="mw-redirect" title="Binutils">Binutils</a> 2.18</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Bison" title="GNU Bison">Bison</a> 2.3</li>

<li>CLFS-Bootscripts 1.0pre10</li>

<li><a href="Coreutils" class="mw-redirect" title="Coreutils">Coreutils</a> 6.9</li>

<li><a href="DejaGnu" title="DejaGnu">DejaGNU</a> 1.4.4</li>

<li><a href="Diff" title="Diff">Diffutils</a> 2.8.7</li>

<li><a href="E2fsprogs" title="E2fsprogs">E2fsprogs</a> 1.40.4</li>

<li>Elftoaout 2.3 (Sparc and Sparc64 only)</li>

<li><a href="Expect" title="Expect">Expect</a> 5.43.0</li>

<li><a href="Find_(Unix)" title="Find (Unix)">Findutils</a> 4.2.32</li>

<li><a href="Gettext" title="Gettext">Gettext</a> 0.17</li>

<li><a href="Glibc" title="Glibc">Glibc</a> 2.7</li></ul>

</td>

<li><a href="Groff_(software)" title="Groff (software)">Groff</a> 1.19.2</li>

<li>Hfsutils 3.2.6 (PowerPC and PowerPC64 only)</li>

<li>Inetutils 1.5</li>

<li><a href="Iproute2" title="Iproute2">IPRoute2</a> 2.6.23</li>

<li><a href="LILO_(boot_loader)" class="mw-redirect" title="LILO (boot loader)">LILO</a> 22.8 (x86_64 non-multilib only)</li>

<li><a href="Libtool" class="mw-redirect" title="Libtool">Libtool</a> 1.5.26</li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux</a> 2.6.24.7</li>

<li><a href="Man_pages" class="mw-redirect" title="Man pages">Man-pages</a> 3.01</li>

<li>Mktemp 1.5</li>

<li>Module-Init-Tools 3.4</li>

<li><a href="Ncurses" title="Ncurses">Ncurses</a> 5.6</li>

<li><a href="Parted" class="mw-redirect" title="Parted">Parted</a> 1.8.8 (PowerPC and PowerPC64 only)</li>

<li><a href="Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">Patch</a> 2.5.9</li></ul>

</td>

<li>PowerPC Utils 1.1.3 (PowerPC and PowerPC64 only)</li>

<li>Procps 3.2.7</li>

<li>Psmisc 22.6</li>

<li><a href="Readline" class="mw-redirect" title="Readline">Readline</a> 5.2</li>

<li><a href="Shadow_password" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow password">Shadow</a> 4.1.2</li>

<li>Silo 1.4.13 (Sparc and Sparc64 only)</li>

<li>Sysklogd 1.5</li>

<li><a href="Sysvinit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sysvinit">Sysvinit</a> 2.86</li>

<li><a href="Texinfo" title="Texinfo">Texinfo</a> 4.11</li>

<li><a href="Util-linux-ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Util-linux-ng">Util-linux-ng</a> 2.14</li>

<li><a href="Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a> 7.1 <a href="Language" title="Language">language</a> files (optional)</li>

<li><a href="Yaboot" title="Yaboot">Yaboot</a> 1.3.13 (PowerPC and PowerPC64 only)</li>

<p>

</p>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_build_unit">Standard build unit</h2></div>

<p>A "standard build unit" ("SBU") is a term used during initial bootstrapping of the system, and represents the amount of time required to build the first package in LFS on a given computer. Its creation was prompted by the long time required to build an LFS system, and the desire of many users to know how long a source tarball will take to build ahead of time.

</p><p>As of Linux From Scratch version 10.1, the first package built by the user is GNU binutils. When building it, users are encouraged to measure the build process using shell constructs and dub that time the system's "standard build unit". Once this number is known, an estimate of the time required to build later packages is expressed relative to the known SBU.

</p><p>Several packages built during compilation take much longer to build than binutils, including the <a href="GNU_C_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Library">GNU C Library</a> (rated at 4.2 SBUs) and the <a href="GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (rated at 11 SBUs). The unit must be interpreted as an approximation; various factors influence the actual time required to build a package.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

<p><a href="LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a> reviewed LFS in 2004:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Linux From Scratch is a wonderful project. It should become a compulsory reading material for all Linux training courses, and something that every Linux enthusiast should complete at least once. This would also create another interesting side effect: people who tend to be quick in expressing dissatisfaction on the distributions' mailing lists and forums would probably show a lot more respect for the developers. Installing a ready-made distribution is a trivial task. Building up a set of 4 CDs containing a stable, secure and reliable operating system, plus thousands of applications, is most definitely not.</p></blockquote>

<p>Tux Machines wrote a review about Linux From Scratch 6.1 in 2005:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now on to BLFS. Unfortunately Beyond Linux From Scratch is always a book behind it seems. To me it's not a real install until one can log into a window manager.</p></blockquote>

<p>Tux Machines also has a second<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a third part<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the review.

</p>

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<p>Other source-based Linux distributions:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Source_Mage" title="Source Mage">Source Mage</a></li>

<li><a href="GoboLinux" title="GoboLinux">GoboLinux</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/12.3/">"Version 12.3"</a>. 5 March 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/prologue/architecture.html">"iii. LFS Target Architectures"</a>. <i>linuxfromscratch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/11.1-systemd/appendices/licenses.html">"Appendix D. LFS Licenses"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/download.html">"Download LFS"</a>. linuxfromscratch.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/">"What is Linux From Scratch?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard Beekmans: Beyond Linux From Scratch, Version 6.3 (August 2008)</span>

</li>

<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clfs.org/view/clfs-embedded/">"Cross-Compiled Linux From Scratch - Embedded"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoran2013" class="citation book cs1">Horan, Brendan (12 June 2013). <i>Practical Raspberry Pi</i>. Apress. p. 105. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781430249726</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-linuxfromscratch.org-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linuxfromscratch.org_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linuxfromscratch.org_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/livecd/">"LFS LiveCD Project Homepage"</a>. <i>www.linuxfromscratch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clfs.org/~kb0iic/livecdupd/">"Index of /~kb0iic/livecdupd"</a>. <i>clfs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/licenses.html">"Licenses for manual pages"</a>. <i>www.kernel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-license.html">"NCURSES – Licensing"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-artistic-1.0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-artistic-1.0_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.perl.org/licenses/artistic.html">"The "Artistic License" - dev.perl.org"</a>. <i>dev.perl.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-artistic-1.0-git-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-artistic-1.0-git_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git/blob/HEAD:/Artistic">Artistic</a> - file on the Perl 5 git repository</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-licensing-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-licensing_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.perl.org/licenses">"Perl Licensing"</a>. dev.perl.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tool_Command_Language_License-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tool_Command_Language_License_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/software/tcltk/license.html">"Tcl/Tk Licensing Terms"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/facebook/zstd/pull/801">"New license"</a>, GitHub "facebook/zstd"</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/stable/wget-list">"LIST: /lfs/downloads/stable/wget-list"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(txt)</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/85865/">"Learning with Linux From Scratch [LWN.net]"</a>. <i>lwn.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuxmachines.org/node/1715">"Linux From Scratch 6.1 (part 1?) | Tux Machines"</a>. <i>www.tuxmachines.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuxmachines.org/node/2482">"Linux From Scratch 6.1 - Part 2 - BLFS | Tux Machines"</a>. <i>www.tuxmachines.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuxmachines.org/node/2521">"Beyond Beyond Linux from Scratch (lfs - part3) | Tux Machines"</a>. <i>www.tuxmachines.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/">"LFS Project Homepage"</a>. <i>Linux From Scratch</i>. Gerard Beekmans. 17 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org">Official website</a></span></span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=lfs">Linux From Scratch</a> at <a href="DistroWatch" title="DistroWatch">DistroWatch</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203041113/http://www.packtpub.com/article/Linux_From_Scratch">Interview with Gerard Beekmans</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080727075353/http://it.toolbox.com/blogs/locutus/its-linux-and-i-did-it-my-way-an-interview-with-gerard-beekmans-19686">Another interview with Gerard Beekmans</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Linux634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Linux" title="History of Linux">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus's_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li>

<li><a href="Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Booting process</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Kernel oops</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism of Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_desktop_Linux" title="Criticism of desktop Linux">Criticism of desktop Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li>

<li><a href="SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO and Linux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">General comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Distributions list</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_netbook-oriented_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions">Netbook-specific comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux_distributions_that_run_from_RAM" title="List of Linux distributions that run from RAM">Distributions that run from RAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Light-weight_Linux_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-weight Linux distribution">Lightweight</a></li>

<li><a href="Security-focused_operating_system#Linux" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a>

<ul><li><a href="Package_format" title="Package format">Package format</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_software_package_management_systems" title="List of software package management systems">List of software package managers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="LinuxChix" title="LinuxChix">LinuxChix</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Counter" title="Linux Counter">Linux Counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Documentation_Project" title="Linux Documentation Project">Linux Documentation Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">Adopters</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux gaming">Gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_for_mobile_devices" title="Linux for mobile devices">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range of use</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_malware" title="Linux malware">Linux malware</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DistroWatch" title="DistroWatch">DistroWatch</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Free_Software_Magazine" title="Free Software Magazine">Free Software Magazine</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Full_Circle_(magazine)" title="Full Circle (magazine)">Full Circle</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Linux.com" title="Linux.com">Linux.com</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Format" title="Linux Format">Linux Format</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Gazette" title="Linux Gazette">Linux Gazette</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Magazine" title="Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="LinuxUser" title="LinuxUser">LinuxUser</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Ubuntu_User" title="Ubuntu User">Ubuntu User</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Outlaws" title="Linux Outlaws">Linux Outlaws</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Voice" title="Linux Voice">Linux Voice</a></i></li>

<li><a href="LugRadio" title="LugRadio">LugRadio</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoronix_Test_Suite#Phoronix_website" title="Phoronix Test Suite">Phoronix</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_computer_security_certifications" title="List of computer security certifications">Security<br>certifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CompTIA_Linux%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="CompTIA Linux+">CompTIA Linux+</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Foundation_Linux_Certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Foundation Linux Certification">Linux Foundation</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALinux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AFree_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Linux_from_Scratch&oldid=1301035512">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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